Experiences of Artificial Intelligence Use among Speech-Language Pathologists in Pakistan: Current Practices and Perceived Clinical Effects

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing speech-language pathology practice; however, evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This qualitative descriptive study explored how speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in selected clinical and educational settings in Pakistan use AI tools, experience their adoption, perceive their effects on clinical work, and envision their future integration. Seventeen practicing SLPs were purposively recruited. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Braun and Clarke's six-phase thematic analysis framework. Five themes emerged: AI as an emerging but narrow toolkit, learning by doing through self-directed adoption, structural and contextual barriers to integration, perceived efficiency and engagement benefits, and future directions for responsible implementation. Participants primarily used generative AI tools such as ChatGPT for documentation, therapy planning, home programmes, and educational material development, whereas specialized AI applications for assessment and intervention were rarely available. Limited formal training, subscription costs, inadequate digital infrastructure, uncertain accuracy, and poor support for Urdu and regional languages constrained adoption. Participants perceived AI as a useful complement to professional practice but emphasized that all outputs require clinician review. Structured training, ethical guidance, secure institutional policies, and locally adapted tools are needed to support responsible AI integration in Pakistani speech-language pathology services.