Exploring Emotional Attachment to Artificial Intelligence Companions: A Cross-Cultural Qualitative Study of Psychological Needs, Loneliness, and Human–AI Relationships in Pakistan and the United States

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) companions has introduced new forms of human–technology interaction in which individuals increasingly experience emotional connection, psychological support, and companionship through digital systems. This study explores emotional attachment to AI companions by examining the psychological needs, loneliness experiences, and human–AI relationship patterns of users in Pakistan and the United States. Using a qualitative interpretive research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 AI companion users, including 10 participants from each cultural context. Data were analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis, resulting in five major themes: AI as an emotionally safe space, loneliness and unmet psychological needs, consistency and attachment formation, negotiation of authenticity, and dependency risks. Drawing upon Attachment Theory and Self-Determination Theory, the findings demonstrate that AI companions may provide meaningful emotional utility by fulfilling needs for connection, validation, and psychological comfort, while remaining distinct from human relationships. The study contributes an integrated AI Attachment–Need Fulfillment perspective and highlights the importance of responsible AI design, ethical guidelines, and balanced human–AI interaction.