The Historical, Cultural, Civilizational, Social, and Literary Significance of Ancient Multan

Abstract

Multan is one of the oldest cities of the Indian subcontinent, distinguished by its historical significance, cultural diversity, and rich civilizational heritage. Its strategic geographical location, fertile land, and proximity to important river systems contributed to the development of agriculture, trade, human settlements, and social interaction throughout different historical periods. This article examines the historical, cultural, civilizational, social, and literary significance of ancient Multan, with particular emphasis on its antiquity and its connections with early Indian religious and literary traditions. The Rigveda is discussed as an important source for understanding ancient religious beliefs, poetic expression, geographical references, and social life. Various scholars have attempted to associate certain geographical locations mentioned in the Rigveda with Multan and its surrounding regions. The article also explores scholarly interpretations of the city’s ancient names, including the proposed connections with Moolasthan and other historical designations. In addition, it considers the importance of rivers in shaping the region’s economic activities, settlement patterns, cultural practices, and literary traditions. By examining historical accounts, literary references, and scholarly perspectives, this study highlights Multan’s enduring place in the cultural and historical landscape of South Asia. It also emphasizes the need to evaluate traditional narratives and historical claims through critical analysis and further archaeological, linguistic, and historical research.